Applying Abroad

Applying Abroad

• This presentation deals with the method of the effective
applying. The author is not willing to encourage/
discourage anyone to apply abroad.
• The author reserves the right not to be responsible forthe topicality, correctness, completeness or quality of theinformation provided. Liability claims regarding damagecaused by the use of any information provided, includingany kind of information which is incomplete or incorrect,
will therefore be rejected.
• Please use this guide only if you are decided to apply toa foreign country.

OutlineOutline
• Preparing for applying abroad
• Choosing your university
• Applying
• Time schedule for Fall 2005
Studying in Iran Vs. AbroadStudying in Iran Vs. Abroad
• Living in your own
country
• Appreciation
• Depression
• New experiences
• Research fund
• Faculty quality

How to applyHow to apply
Preparing for applyingPreparing for applying
• Exams: TOEFL/ GRE/ GMAT
• Transcripts
• Recommendations
• Financial Support
• Resume/SOP

TOEFLTOEFL
• Computer Based Test (300)
• Paper Based Test (670)
1. Listening
2. Structure (grammar)
3. Reading
4. Writing

TOEFLTOEFL
• Select a country for your test (e.g. UAE,
Turkey, Syria).
• Reserve a time by phone.
• Consider the military service roles.
• Prepare your passport.
• ETS in IRAN!!

GREGRE
• Verbal (max 800)
• Quantitative (max 800)
• Analytical (max 6)

TOEFL PreparationTOEFL Preparation
• Barrons series
• Longman series
• Kaplan series
• PowerPrep by ETS
• Specific classes
• Any other English references
• Less than 3 months

GRE PreparationGRE Preparation
• Kaplan
• Barrons
• PowerPrep
• Less than 6 months

GRE SubjectGRE Subject• Computer Science
• Physics
• Mathematics
• Chemistry
• Psychology
• Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology
• Literature in English
• Biology

TOEFL/GRE scoresTOEFL/GRE scores
• Completely depend on the university.
• Depend on your situation.
• Usually:
– American schools: 217-233
– Canadian schools: 233-250

IELTSIELTS• Two exams per month
• Paper based test
• You can take it in Iran
1. Listening
2. Writing
3. Speaking

Choosing the countryChoosing the country
• United State
– High rank schools
– Good job offers
• Canada
– Social roles
– Security
– Immigration
• Europe
• Australia
• Asia

Choosing the UniversityChoosing the University• Rank of university
– US NEWS, PhDs
• Research quality
• Faculty members quality
• Environment
• Iranian community
• Reputation of Iranian students
• Costs
• Minimum Requirements

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 1717
Which one is better?Which one is better?
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 1818
US News 2003 list for ElectricalUS News 2003 list for Electrical
EngineeringEngineering
1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2. University of California–Berkeley
3. Stanford University (CA)
4. University of Illinois–Urbana-
Champaign
5. University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
6. Georgia Institute of Technology
7. California Institute of Technology
Cornell University (NY)
9. University of Texas–Austin
10.Carnegie Mellon University (PA)
Purdue University–West Lafayette (IN)
12. Princeton University (NJ)
13. University of California–Los Angeles
14. University of California–San Diego
15. University of Southern California
16. University of Wisconsin–Madison
17. Johns Hopkins University (MD)
Penn State University–University Park
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NY)
Texas A&M University–College Station
21. University of California–Santa Barbara

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 1919
Research QualityResearch Quality
• Look at the researchlink in the website.
• The amount of research fund.
• Research equipments.
• The number of published papers.
• The number of cited papers.
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2020
Faculty Member QualityFaculty Member Quality
• Look at the peoplelink in the website.
• Assistant, associate or full professor
• His/her former school
• The number of his/her students
• Publications
• Patents

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2121
EnvironmentEnvironment
• Temperature
• Humidity
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2222
Iranian CommunityIranian Community
• 1,000,000 Iranians live in America.
• 50% in California, near LA.

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2323
Reputation of Iranian StudentsReputation of Iranian Students
U.S:
• Stanford
• Georgia Tech
• Cal Tech
• UCLA
• USC
• Maryland
Canada:
• Toronto
• Waterloo
• UBC
• McGill
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2424
CostsCosts
• Tuition
– The amount of money should be paid to the
department.
• Living costs
– Housing, food, travel, entertainment

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2525
Costs (contCosts (cont’’))
• Housing: $300-$700
• Food: $250-$450
• Others: $200-$500
• Total: $750-$1650
• Tuition: $15,000-$30,000
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2626
Financial SupportFinancial Support
• Research assistantship
• Teaching assistantship
• Tuition waiver
• Fellowship
• Usually enough to pay the fee but it
is not easy to save.

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2727
Who get scholarshipWho get scholarship
• You must be exceptional
• High/good GPA, GRE, research
background, or recommendations
• Find an advisor
• Search through the students.
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2828
Application MaterialsApplication Materials
• Application forms (downloadable)
• TOEFL/GRE score report (phone request)
• 2-3 Recommendations
• Transcripts (B.S/M.S)
• Resume/SOP
• Paying the application fee (by credit card)

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 2929
Application CostsApplication Costs
• TOEFL + GRE : $130 + $140
• One trip to take the exams : $300
• Application fee : $50*N
• Post fee : $35*N
• Score report : ($10 + $15)*(N-4)
Total: $470 + $110*N
• 2 trips for U.S visa (at least!) : $600
• Final trip : $1000
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3030
Evaluate Your ChanceEvaluate Your Chance
• What are the important factors for getting
admission & financial support?
• GPA
• Research Experience
• GRE
• Recommendation
• Honors

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3131
Military Service TroublesMilitary Service Troubles
• Getting ‘GOVAHI ESHTEGHAL BE
TAHSIL’ from the administrative office.
• ‘NEZAM VAZIFE’.
• 5,000,000 T !
• Consider 4 days for your pass (minimum)
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3232
M.S vs. PhDM.S vs. PhD
M.S:
• More available seats as well as more
applicants.
• Usually you don’t need much research
backgrounds.
• You receive the degree after only 2 years.
• Good chance for a job.

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3333
M.S vs. PhD (contM.S vs. PhD (cont’’))
PhD:
• Better financial support (quantity and
quality)
• Better relation with your advisor
• You are more familiar with your
prospective research project.
• You have time during the M.S study to
increase the admission chance.
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3434
Time ScheduleTime Schedule
• Suppose you want to apply for Fall 2005.
• You didn’t take the required exams yet.

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3535
SummerSummer
• Beginning: If you want to take GRE start is
ASAP.
• Middle: Start the TOEFL at the mid of
summer.
• End: Call and reserve a seat for the mid of
Fall.
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3636
FallFall
• Beginning: search through the internet and
find your desire schools.
• Middle: Take the tests.
• End: Finalize your list. Apply!

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3737
WinterWinter
• Beginning: You are still applying.
• Middle: prepare yourself for KONKOR/
Start your thesis.
• End: Take KONKOR.
Now, you must be ready to hear from
abroad. Be strong and hopeful.
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3838
SpringSpring
• Beginning: You feel completely panic.
Can’t do any thing but checking email.
• Middle: That’s the end. You know where
you go for Fall 2005. Think and decide
which one is better and chose it.
• End: Request the official acceptance letter
(I’20 or Letter of Acceptance)

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 3939
SummerSummer
• Beginning: Get the Visa.
– United State: arrange a trip, reserve a time for
interview. Pray as much as possible to get the
visa.
– Canada: Feel well. You get the visa. Trust
me!.
• Middle: Prepare yourself for abroad.
• End: Goodbye party!
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 4040
NotesNotes
• Try your best in TOEFL.
• Apply early and consider the deadlines
strongly.
• Don’t be prideful. Instead, be realistic.
• Consult with your professors and friends.
• Take into account the U.S visa.
• Apply for PhD if you are a B.S student.

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 4141
Technology Alert List (US)Technology Alert List (US)
• Conventional munitions
• Nuclear technology
• Rocket systems
• Rocket system and unmanned air vehicle (uav) subsystems
• Navigation, avionics and flight control useable in rocket systems and
unmanned air vehicles (uav)
• Chemical, biotechnology and biomedical engineering
• Remote sensing, imaging and reconnaissance
• Advanced computer/microelectronic technology
• Materials technology
• Information security
• Laser and directed energy systems technology
• Sensors and sensor technology
• Marine technology
• Robotics
• Urban planning
Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 4242
ConclusionConclusion
• Think well before any decision.
• Evaluate your budget.
• Consult as much as possible.
• Reserve some alternatives.

Farzan FarbizFarzan Farbiz 4343
ReferencesReferences
• http://www.toefl.org
• http://www.gre.org
• http://www.ieltstehran.com
• http://www.usnews.com
• http://www.phds.org
• http://www.oiss.yale.edu/visa/tal.htm
• Apply Abroad Yahoo group.
• http://www-scf.usc.edu/~igsa/pdf_files/
iranian.pdf

PhD Thesis Defense Difficulties

PhD Thesis Defense Difficulties

Devoted to providing practical strategies for completing your Doctoral Dissertation.™
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INSIDE THIS ISSUE - August 30, 2007

1. A Note from the Editor

2. Inspirational Quotes

3. Defending Your Dissertation
by Mary Renck Jalongo, Ph.D.

August 30, 2007
A Note from the Editor

Tracy Steen, Ph.D.

This issue of the ABDSG is going to put you on the defensive! However, it won't be in the usual way, and getting on the defensive is actually a great strategic move for the ABD. With that in mind, let the following article by Dr. Mary Renck Jalongo provide a preview for the biggest defensive day of your life--your dissertation defense!

Having worked with doctoral students for nearly 20 years as an academic advisor, dissertation chair or committee member, Dr. Jalongo knows what she's talking about when it comes to a dissertation defense, and she knows what you need to know. So go ahead; get on the defensive!

And for sources in agreement on one irrefutable piece of dissertation advice, check out this issue's Inspirational Quotes. We usually give only one or two quotes, but in this case we thought it noteworthy that there was a similar thought among a very diverse group, successful in various fields, on the subject of preparation, so we included them all. (Is there such a thing as too much good advice-- long as it's succinct?

Inspirational Quotes

Miguel De Cervantes
To be prepared is half the victory.

H. Jackson Brown Jr.
The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.

Henry Ford
Before everything else, getting ready is the secret to success.

Louis Pasteur
Luck favors the prepared mind.

Bear Bryant
It's not the will to win, but the will to prepare to win that makes the difference.


Defending Your Dissertation:
Advice from a Doctoral Program Director and Journal Editor

Mary Renck Jalongo, Ph.D.

You've seen this nightmare portrayed in the media: A doctoral student works on a dissertation for many years, only to have it rejected by the committee. All is lost and any hope of program completion is dashed.

If fear of the dissertation defense is undermining your confidence and sabotaging your plans for degree completion, it's time to see the defense in a completely different way.


Recognize that "Defense" is a Misnomer
Presumably if a defense is required, then something (or someone) is under attack. Not so with the dissertation. If visions of scowling committee members with their arms folded resolutely across their chests are dancing in your head, replace that mental image.

A tough committee comprised of members who believe in you and the quality of your work is your best safety net. Although they may have tested your patience with numerous recommendations for revision, your committee will stand by you if you did your homework. Disasters occur when doctoral students go in search of committee members with a reputation for saying yes to everything. Usually these individuals are inexperienced in working with dissertations, not highly regarded by colleagues, and easily defeated in a battle of wits.

Think of your defense as a high-level professional conversation about a topic of interest. No doctoral dissertation committee worthy of the name assembles for the sole purpose of publicly humiliating a candidate; faculty members are in the business of supporting successful program completion whenever possible.

To avoid last-minute, unpleasant surprises, check with each committee member individually about recommendations for improvement before the defense. Your chair should guide you through this process and make sure that everyone has had the chance to voice any serious reservations in advance.

Most doctoral programs provide opportunities to participate in the dissertation defense meetings of other doctoral candidates. Make it a point to attend a few of these meetings. Chances are that you'll be pleasantly surprised by a tone that is much more supportive and respectful than what you had imagined.


Don't Panic, Pace Yourself
When it comes to dissertations, the German philosopher Goethe's advice of "Do not hurry; do not wait" is doubly applicable. Avoid putting yourself or your committee in a huge time crunch. Pushing and prodding makes even the kindliest faculty members grouchy. It also casts you in a negative light--desperate rather than competent.


Trust in Your Preparation
Within any solid study is an interesting story of research in action. You have struggled to decide what goes into which chapter. Use it now as a structure for presenting your research. How did you:

    • identify a compelling issue (the traditional Chapter 1)?
    • situate your study in the context of the other research literature (Chapter 2)?
    • determine a plan for conducting the research (Chapter 3)?
    • analyze and report the data (Chapter 4)?
    • arrive at recommendations, conclusions, and directions for future research (Chapter 5)?

Be certain to find out how much time you'll have to present and adhere to that time limit. Walk the committee through your study. Do not assume that they remember your dissertation in every detail. Chances are that it has been days, weeks, or even months since they read the document and it probably is not the only dissertation committee on which they serve; jog their memories a bit. Prepare visual materials and duplicate selected pages from the work to distribute as handouts.

Committee members are eager to talk with you about the study, not merely to sit and listen. Talking too much is not a good coping strategy because it not only irritates the committee but it also keeps you there longer as faculty members are determined to ask the questions that they have prepared.


Project a Professional Image
Before you go to the defense, think about how you will look the part and maintain outward calm. Take your cue from the professionals in your field. What do they typically do? How do they dress? At some point in a successful dissertation defense, your committee members will sit back, relax, and imagine that they are hearing and seeing you for the first time, as if they were participants in your session at a major conference. Emulate the best in your field, for this is how you are being evaluated.

What if you are a bundle of nerves? Analyze what would help you to appear calmer. If you voice tends to fade in high pressure situations, it probably is because you are breathing rapidly and shallowly, so take a deep breath before you begin to speak. If you are fair skinned and get splotchy when nervous, try wearing something with a high collar so that you are the only one who knows. If your throat goes dry and your hands sweat or tremble, try sipping discreetly from a small bottle of water (cups are too prone to being knocked over).

Above all, don't announce to everyone that you are nervous or they will spend the next hour watching for signs of anxiety. Be yourself at your professional best-that is what got you this far and it is what will carry you through to completion.


Field Questions with Aplomb
One persistent source of anxiety associated with a dissertation defense is that someone will ask you a question that you cannot answer. Remember that you are the resident expert on your own study. Questions seldom are challenges to that authority; rather, they are points that were not clear or just items of interest. Think of the dissertation as your textbook and study it beforehand. Know your way around it so that you can direct attention to key points and specific pages in the document. Have faith in your preparation.

Actually, you can anticipate what some of the questions will be. For example, a very common mistake of dissertation writers is to run out of steam in Chapter 5 and say that "more research" needs to be done. Don't be surprised if someone asks you to get more specific with a question such as, "If you had this study to do over again, what would you do differently?" or "Is this a line of research you care to pursue beyond the dissertation and, if so, how?" Dissertation committees are fond of asking why you chose a particular methodology as well. But if you did your homework in Chapter 3, you provided that rationale and can expound upon it now.


Realize That the Defense is a Good Sign
If there are serious problems with a study, a defense should not be scheduled. The most common decision about a dissertation is "pass, pending some relatively minor revisions." A lengthy document without a single typo, grammatical gaffe, or referencing style error is exceedingly rare, so this is to be expected. Treat corrections and revisions as an indication of thoughtfulness rather than as a criticism.

When your committee has had a chance to reflect on the study a bit further and read it in its entirety, don't be surprised if they suggest that you add a short explanation, move a paragraph, add a statistical table, or the like. Take good notes as these recommendations are made, thank them for reading it thoughtfully (and saving you from lifelong embarrassment after the dissertation is online or bound), and attend to the corrections and revisions soon afterwards, while the discussion is still fresh in your mind. Do not put it off until the day it's due to the graduate school or you are just asking for a natural disaster or computer crash.


Conclusion
Doctoral students frequently are daunted when they first hear that their dissertation research is to be a contribution to the field. "What could I do, as a mere doctoral candidate, that would revolutionize the field?" seems to be the question. But here's the secret: Contributions can be large or small but significant nevertheless.

After all is said and done, a dissertation is an elaborate exercise. It is a demonstration that you are capable of conceptualizing, conducting, and reporting research in a (reasonably) independent way. Only a tiny fraction of the dissertations written are published, and even then, they require extensive editing (Hartman, Montagnes, & McMenemy, 2003). Why? First of all, dissertations are written by novices. As a result, they initiate your career as a scholar rather than define it.

Faculty members who suggest that you can carve up your dissertation and publish several articles from it probably did not do this themselves nor have they successfully guided students in doing so. If my experience as an editor of a journal for over a decade is any indication, it is a mere pleasantry, the dissertation-speak equivalent of "Have a nice day." Transforming a dissertation into a publishable piece is a major overhaul because the manuscripts written by students and the articles published in scholarly journals have a different purpose, audience, and style. The real contribution of most dissertations is that they lead to conferral of the degree, open up new career options, help you to mature as a scholar, and socialize you into the scholarly norms of your field.

See a dissertation for what it is: an unwieldy task, completed under less than ideal conditions by an inexperienced researcher working to a deadline. It simulates what you will be expected to do as a scholar when your work is subjected to the anonymous peer review process of scholarly publications. For whether it is a journal article, a book, or a dissertation, you have learned to defend without being defensive.


Reference
Hartman, E., Montagnes, I., & McMenemy, S. (Eds.). (2003). The thesis and the book: A guide for first-time academic authors. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

Mary Renck Jalongo, Ph.D., is director of the Doctoral Program in Curriculum and Instruction at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, the author of over 20 books, and a journal editor for Springer. You can e-mail Dr. Jalongo at mjalongo@iup.edu.

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Dr. TRACY STEEN, Editor, ABDSG
Tracy Steen, Ph.D. , is a clinical psychologist and dissertation coach in Philadelphia, PA. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and completed a postdoctoral fellowship in positive psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Steen draws on her research background in positive psychology in her coaching work with writers, helping them to remove internal obstacles so they can find more engagement and flow in their work. You can contact Dr. Steen with questions about this newsletter or about coaching in general at tracy@mentorcoach.com. You can also visit her website at www.tracysteen.com

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BEN DEAN, Publisher, ABDSG
Ben holds a Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Texas at Austin. He began writing the ABDSG in 1997. Over the years, the ABDSG has provided thousands of hours of pro bono coaching and teleworkshops to ABDs all over the world. Ben is also the founder of MentorCoach (www.MentorCoach.com), a virtual university focused on training accomplished helping professionals to become part-time or full-time coaches. You might wish to subscribe to the free eMentorCoach News. Finally you may also wish to subscribe to the Coaching Toward Happiness eNewsletter! It's on applying the science of Positive Psychology to your work and life (131,000 readers). Ben lives in suburban Maryland with his wife, Janice, their two children, and Norman, their Norwegian dwarf bunny. They all love coaching from the beach!

MIPS Instruction Coding

MIPS Instruction Coding

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Instruction Coding Formats

MIPS instructions are classified into four groups according to their coding formats:

• R-Type - This group contains all instructions that do not require an immediate value, target offset, memory address displacement, or memory address to specify an operand. This includes arithmetic and logic with all operands in registers, shift instructions, and register direct jump instructions (jalr and jr).

All R-type instructions use opcode 000000.

• I-Type - This group includes instructions with an immediate operand, branch instructions, and load and store instructions. In the MIPS architecture, all memory accesses are handled by the main processor, so coprocessor load and store instructions are included in this group.

All opcodes except 000000, 00001x, and 0100xx are used for I-type instructions.

• J-Type - This group consists of the two direct jump instructions (j and jal). These instructions require a memory address to specify their operand.

J-type instructions use opcodes 00001x.

• Coprocessor Instructions - MIPS processors all have two standard coprocessors, CP0 and CP1. CP0 processes various kinds of program exceptions. CP1 is a floating point processor. The MIPS architecture makes allowance for future inclusion of two additional coprocessors, CP2 and CP3.

All coprocessor instructions instructions use opcodes 0100xx.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

R-Type Instructions (Opcode 000000)

Main processor instructions that do not require a target address, immediate value, or branch displacement use an R-type coding format. This format has fields for specifying of up to three registers and a shift amount. For instructions that do not use all of these fields, the unused fields are coded with all 0 bits. All R-type instructions use a 000000 opcode. The operation is specified by the function field.

opcode (6)

rs (5)

rt (5)

rd (5)

sa (5)

function (6)

 

Instruction		Function
add	rd, rs, rt	100000
addu	rd, rs, rt	100001
and	rd, rs, rt	100100
break		001101
div	rs, rt	011010
divu	rs, rt	011011
jalr	rd, rs	001001
jr	rs	001000
mfhi	rd	010000
mflo	rd	010010
mthi	rs	010001
mtlo	rs	010011
mult	rs, rt	011000
multu	rs, rt	011001
nor	rd, rs, rt	100111
or	rd, rs, rt	100101
sll	rd, rt, sa	000000
sllv	rd, rt, rs	000100
slt	rd, rs, rt	101010
sltu	rd, rs, rt	101011
sra	rd, rt, sa	000011
srav	rd, rt, rs	000111
srl	rd, rt, sa	000010
srlv	rd, rt, rs	000110
sub	rd, rs, rt	100010
subu	rd, rs, rt	100011
syscall		001100
xor	rd, rs, rt	100110

 

I-Type Instructions (All opcodes except 000000, 00001x, and 0100xx)

I-type instructions have a 16-bit immediate field that codes an immediate operand, a branch target offset, or a displacement for a memory operand. For a branch target offset, the immediate field contains the signed difference between the address of the following instruction and the target label, with the two low order bits dropped. The dropped bits are always 0 since instructions are word-aligned.

For the bgez, bgtz, blez, and bltz instructions, the rt field is used as an extension of the opcode field.

opcode (6)

rs (5)

rt (5)

immediate (16)

 

Instruction		Opcode	Notes
addi	rt, rs, immediate	001000
addiu	rt, rs, immediate	001001
andi	rt, rs, immediate	001100
beq	rs, rt, label	000100
bgez	rs, label	000001	rt = 00001
bgtz	rs, label	000111	rt = 00000
blez	rs, label	000110	rt = 00000
bltz	rs, label	000001	rt = 00000
bne	rs, rt, label	000101
lb	rt, immediate(rs)	100000
lbu	rt, immediate(rs)	100100
lh	rt, immediate(rs)	100001
lhu	rt, immediate(rs)	100101
lui	rt, immediate	001111
lw	rt, immediate(rs)	100011
lwc1	rt, immediate(rs)	110001
ori	rt, rs, immediate	001101
sb	rt, immediate(rs)	101000
slti	rt, rs, immediate	001010
sltiu	rt, rs, immediate	001011
sh	rt, immediate(rs)	101001
sw	rt, immediate(rs)	101011
swc1	rt, immediate(rs)	111001
xori	rt, rs, immediate	001110

 

 

 

J-Type Instructions (Opcode 00001x)

The only J-type instructions are the jump instructions j and jal. These intructions require a 26-bit coded address field to specify the target of the jump. The coded address is formed from the bits at positions 27 to 2 in the binary representation of the address. The bits at positions 1 and 0 are always 0 since instructions are word-aligned.

When a J-type instruction is executed, a full 32-bit jump target address is formed by concatenating the high order four bits of the PC (the address of the instruction following the jump), the 26 bits of the target field, and two 0 bits.

opcode (6)

target (26)

 

Instruction		Opcode	Target
j	label	000010	coded address of label
jal	label	000011	coded address of label

Coprocessor Instructions (Opcode 0100xx)

The only instructions that are described here are the floating point instructions that are common to all processors in the MIPS family. All coprocessor instructions instructions use opcode 0100xx. The last two bits specify the coprocessor number. Thus all floating point instructions use opcode 010001.

The instruction is broken up into fields of the same sizes as in the R-type instruction format. However, the fields are used in different ways.

Most floating point intructions use the format field to specify a numerical coding format: single precision (.s), double precision (.d), or fixed point (.w). The mfc1 and mtc1 instructions uses the format field as an extension of the function field.

opcode (6)

format (5)

ft (5)

fs (5)

fd (5)

function (6)

 

Instruction		Function	Format
add.s	fd, fs, ft	000000	10000
cvt.s.w	fd, fs, ft	100000	10100
cvt.w.s	fd, fs, ft	100100	10000
div.s	fd, fs, ft	000011	10000
mfc1	ft, fs	000000	00000
mov.s	fd, fs	000110	10000
mtc1	ft, fs	000000	00100
mul.s	fd, fs, ft	000010	10000
sub.s	fd, fs, ft	000001	10000

 

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